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Before you get on the plane, you can … some shopping.
book
do
go
take
His grandfather … from his job a year ago.
has retired
was retiring
retired
We’re offering interest-free … this month for first-time buyers.
stock
credit
Anya: OK, it’s ten o’clock and everyone’s here. …
I suppose we could do that.
I think we should definitely have print ads.
Can we start, please?
I’m afraid that’s out of the question.
Andres, what do you think?
A. … Pascal’s is the best restaurant. The food is delicious. B. Yes, I agree. The food is great.
What about using
I think
When I return home, I … a taxi from the airport to my house.
book do take
… he … about the opera before?
had spoken has spoken was speaking
Welcome, marketing team, and thank you for the hard work you’ve put in recently. …
I suppose we could do that.
I think we should definitely have print ads.
Can we start, please?
I’m afraid that’s out of the question.
Andres, what do you think?
The main purpose of this meeting is to finalise our marketing strategy.
When a job comes along, I have to take advantage of the … and accept the work, even if I’m already busy.
balance
deadline
environment
life
lifestyle
need
opportunity
workaholic
Do you meet your colleagues after work?
We're doing quite well.
The room is very comfortable.
Yesterday my flight … at about three o’clock in the afternoon.
land
landed
Dessert: …
apple pie
ice cream
snails
soup
Complete each gap in these short conversations.
A. … do you work?
B. At Channel 10.
what
what’s
where
works
A. … my new camera.
B. Oh dear. I’m sorry to hear that.
I have a problem with
I’m afraid I can’t make
We ... usually have any serious communication problems.
aren’t
isn’t
don’t
doesn’t
Mr Albert … to meetings
not go
isn’t go
doesn’t go
Listen! Is that Alicia playing? She … play the piano very well!
would
can
This office building … a meeting room.
doesn’t have
hasn’t
not have
Anya: Lydia, what do you think? Lydia: …
I suppose we could do that.
I think we should definitely have print ads.
Can we start, please
I’m afraid that’s out of the question.
Can you give me a 10 per cent … if I buy in bulk?
discount
delivery
There’s something I’d like to talk to you about.
Yes, please.
OK. What is it?
Last week, I ... in Taiwan and Hong Kong.
be
was
will
I don’t like to pay … when I order something. I prefer to pay when I receive the
product.
free credit
a big deposit
after-sales guarantee
Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct forms of the verbs.
I've been working as a manager since I …. and I find It really interesting.
Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct forms of the verbs.
I'm learning Russian and l can already understand what people around me are talking about. "But I find it really difficult to speak Russian . I …. the course by the end of the year and hope I feel more confident with this language.
Choose the right variant
We called our friends in London yesterday to tell them about the reunion that we ….
I … a very difficult day tomorrow. I need to prepare for the exam.
Although the sun was shining, it was still cold, because it … hard for two hours.
She … at the parcel long enough, before she … that it was for her brother.
The Irish Travellers are the largest minority in Ireland. There are about 25,000 Irish Travellers in Ireland and 1,300 in Northern Ireland. They are a little understood nomadic community, who have many difficulties to overcome if they are to survive as a culture and gain acceptance into Irish society. Among the challenges facing them are poverty and racism. The Irish Travellers are a distinct ethnic group which has existed for centuries. Often they are mistakenly considered part of the nomadic Romani, an ethnic group which originated in the region of India and is now widespread throughout Europe. But the Irish Travellers are indigenous to Ireland, so the two cultures are not related. While both are nomadic, the Irish Travellers are Roman Catholic and speak a language that is theirs alone. They have their own culture, customs, traditions, and language. They are noted for their musical and storytelling abilities. In times past, they travelled by horse-drawn wagon in caravans, making camp along the way. Tinsmithing, horse trading and peddling were the major sources of income in those days. Tinsmiths were so prevalent among Irish Travellers that the terms Tinker and Irish Traveller were used interchangeably. Today, Tinker is one of many names for Irish Travellers. Horses and wagons have given way to mobile homes pulled by motor vehicles. They continue their life on the road, but there are fewer places to stop and fewer places where they are welcome. Today, Irish Travellers mainly work in re¬cycling. Changing needs of society and progress have eliminated the jobs that could support a culture on wheels. Irish Travellers are poor, undereducated, and on the receiving end of discrimination. Their life expectancy is lower than average while their infant mortality rate is higher than average. As is the case with the Romani, the Irish Travellers are seen by many as a group of immoral, ignorant criminals and con artists. People distrust their nomadic culture and their language, Shelta. Many think it's a secret language specifically developed as a tool to help the Irish Travellers trick innocent people. But this is not true. It is an old language, which has evolved with time and circumstances. Once heavily infused with Irish Gaelic, it is now infused with English.
Read the text and complete the gap in the sentences with the words from the text.
... are the two main problems of Irish Travellers.
The Irish Travellers are the largest minority in Ireland. There are about 25,000 Irish Travellers in Ireland and 1,300 in Northern Ireland. They are a little understood nomadic community, who have many difficulties to overcome if they are to survive as a culture and gain acceptance into Irish society. Among the challenges facing them are poverty and racism. The Irish Travellers are a distinct ethnic group which has existed for centuries. Often they are mistakenly considered part of the nomadic Romani, an ethnic group which originated in the region of India and is now widespread throughout Europe. But the Irish Travellers are indigenous to Ireland, so the two cultures are not related. While both are nomadic, the Irish Travellers are Roman Catholic and speak a language that is theirs alone. They have their own culture, customs, traditions, and language. They are noted for their musical and storytelling abilities. In times past, they travelled by horse-drawn wagon in caravans, making camp along the way. Tinsmithing, horse trading and peddling were the major sources of income in those days. Tinsmiths were so prevalent among Irish Travellers that the terms Tinker and Irish Traveller were used interchangeably. Today, Tinker is one of many names for Irish Travellers. Horses and wagons have given way to mobile homes pulled by motor vehicles. They continue their life on the road, but there are fewer places to stop and fewer places where they are welcome. Today, Irish Travellers mainly work in re¬cycling. Changing needs of society and progress have eliminated the jobs that could support a culture on wheels. Irish Travellers are poor, undereducated, and on the receiving end of discrimination. Their life expectancy is lower than average while their infant mortality rate is higher than average. As is the case with the Romani, the Irish Travellers are seen by many as a group of immoral, ignorant criminals and con artists. People distrust their nomadic culture and their language, Shelta. Many think it's a secret language specifically developed as a tool to help the Irish Travellers trick innocent people. But this is not true. It is an old language, which has evolved with time and circumstances. Once heavily infused with Irish Gaelic, it is now infused with English.
Although both groups are nomadic, their cultures ....
HUMAN RIGHTS DAY On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which has become a (1) ... standard for defending and promoting human rights. Every year on 10 December, Human Rights Day marks the adoption of the Universal Declaration which states that "Human beings are born with (2) ... rights and fundamental freedoms". In 2006, Human Rights Day focused on (3) ... poverty as a matter of obligation, not of charity. Poverty is (4) ... by human rights violations. The links between human rights and poverty should be obvious: people whose rights are (5) ... are more likely to be poor. Generally they find it harder or impossible to participate in the labour market and have little or no access to (6) ... services and resources. Meanwhile, the poor in many societies cannot enjoy their rights to education, health and housing simply (7) ... they cannot afford them. And poverty affects all human rights: for example, low income can prevent people from accessing education, which in turn inhibits their participation in public life and their ability to influence the policies affecting them. Governments and those in a position of authority must (8) ... responsibility for dealing with poverty. The realisation of human rights — including the fight against poverty — is a duty, not a mere aspiration.
Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (1).
Read the texts and match them with the headings. There is one extra title.
So, after my first baby arrived, I felt for years that I had the perfect job. I was my own boss. I could work when I wanted and have a rest when I wanted. If I didn't feel like cleaning or doing the shopping and wanted to have a day off, that was fine. Nobody else would have to be asked to cover for me, my work could wait until I was ready to do it. Oh yes, it was hard work taking care of our home and our children and the hours were long, but the work was varied and very rewarding. In fact, being a homemaker was the perfect job for me. I was absolutely happy being a housewife and mum. Watching my children thrive, witnessing their first steps, hearing their first words and all the other milestones were worth more than any amount of money.
Choose true sentence according to the text. Homemaking…
Every family needs a homemaker. Whether this is the mum or dad, or part-time from both is irrelevant. In our family, we chose the traditional role for me to stay at home, but some families choose the reverse, especially if the woman has the better-paid job. We have actually experienced both since I had to work full-time when my husband was made redundant and stayed at home for a time. The days when the person staying at home to look after the house and family was thought of as being "just a housewife" have long gone, especially now that there is a role reversal and it is sometimes the man who stays home. Nowadays there is a lot of pride in being the "homemaker". It is one of the most worthwhile careers and the rewards, although not financial, are great. The family benefits from quality time from one parent all the time.
Choose true sentence according to the text. Homemaking…
So, after my first baby arrived, I felt for years that I had the perfect job. I was my own boss. I could work when I wanted and have a rest when I wanted. If I didn't feel like cleaning or doing the shopping and wanted to have a day off, that was fine. Nobody else would have to be asked to cover for me, my work could wait until I was ready to do it. Oh yes, it was hard work taking care of our home and our children and the hours were long, but the work was varied and very rewarding. In fact, being a homemaker was the perfect job for me. I was absolutely happy being a housewife and mum. Watching my children thrive, witnessing their first steps, hearing their first words and all the other milestones were worth more than any amount of money.
At the same time, remember that money is also important for you need it to survive. So, if a job is all … but no pay, things can get difficult.
Before you start choosing a perfect career, you need to know yourself first. But sometimes all this self-analysis leads to ..... .
WIND ENERGY
Every day you can see the wind blowing and watch all of that wasted energy just floating away. A lot of energy is thought to be (1) ... and all you need to use it are a few wind turbines! Currently less than 1% of the Earth's energy needs are (2) ... by wind, with Denmark being the most wind-friendly producing 23% of its own energy needs from wind. The energy produced is totally clean and also one of the (3) ... around and it is able to produce (4) ... 18 times more energy than is consumed in its construction, (5) ... nuclear which is estimated at around five. People are often worried about the look of wind farms but what they often forget is that the land can still (6) ... for farming, with only 1% of the space being taken up by the wind turbines. One of the biggest (7) ... about wind turbines, is their effect on bats and birds. In Norway, nine out of ten sea eagles were killed by turbines. Bats too are a serious problem. Even the manufacturers of wind turbines are (8). concerned by the numbers of bats being. killed, prompting ongoing research.
Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (5).
WIND ENERGY
Every day you can see the wind blowing and watch all of that wasted energy just floating away. A lot of energy is thought to be (1) ... and all you need to use it are a few wind turbines! Currently less than 1% of the Earth's energy needs are (2) ... by wind, with Denmark being the most wind-friendly producing 23% of its own energy needs from wind. The energy produced is totally clean and also one of the (3) ... around and it is able to produce (4) ... 18 times more energy than is consumed in its construction, (5) ... nuclear which is estimated at around five. People are often worried about the look of wind farms but what they often forget is that the land can still (6) ... for farming, with only 1% of the space being taken up by the wind turbines. One of the biggest (7) ... about wind turbines, is their effect on bats and birds. In Norway, nine out of ten sea eagles were killed by turbines. Bats too are a serious problem. Even the manufacturers of wind turbines are (8). concerned by the numbers of bats being. killed, prompting ongoing research.
Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (6).
WIND ENERGY
Every day you can see the wind blowing and watch all of that wasted energy just floating away. A lot of energy is thought to be (1) ... and all you need to use it are a few wind turbines! Currently less than 1% of the Earth's energy needs are (2) ... by wind, with Denmark being the most wind-friendly producing 23% of its own energy needs from wind. The energy produced is totally clean and also one of the (3) ... around and it is able to produce (4) ... 18 times more energy than is consumed in its construction, (5) ... nuclear which is estimated at around five. People are often worried about the look of wind farms but what they often forget is that the land can still (6) ... for farming, with only 1% of the space being taken up by the wind turbines. One of the biggest (7) ... about wind turbines, is their effect on bats and birds. In Norway, nine out of ten sea eagles were killed by turbines. Bats too are a serious problem. Even the manufacturers of wind turbines are (8). concerned by the numbers of bats being. killed, prompting ongoing research.
Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (8).
In a real life situation it is not easy to start speaking with a complete stranger, a person in power or a child. The internet … your age, class and looks.
The internet offers other alternatives, such as working from home and online shopping. Today you … go out to buy goods or earn money.
The biggest concern about people using the internet is … addicted to it.
This hap¬pens because computers … to com¬pensate for feelings of loneliness, marital and work problems, poor social life, and financial problems.
How long ... you ... Kate?
The boy sitting next to me on the plane was nervous be¬cause he ... before.
I hope Kate is coming soon. I ... for two hours.
Water ... at 100 degrees.
The weather ... hotter and hotter.
We ... 20 new buildings this year.
I ... to the news on television at nine o'clock last night
I ... for a whole hour!
Long ago they ... most houses out of wood.
Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct forms of the verbs.
Choose the right variant: While Tom ... a book, Marhta ... TV.
Catherine is studying law at the university, and so ... Nick.
I feel terrible. I think I ... to be sick.
Although the sun was shining, it was still cold, because it ... hard for two hours.
I ... to the cinema but my friend persuaded me to stay.
We were good friends, we ... each other for years.
Read the text and complete the gap in the sentences with the words from the text: ... are the two main problems of Irish Travellers.
The Irish Travellers are mistakenly taken for the nomadic Romani, another ... widely spread in Europe.
Human Rights Day — Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (1).
Human Rights Day — Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (3).
Before you start choosing a perfect career, you need to know yourself first. But sometimes all this self-analysis leads to ....
A career development professional will use various tools to help you evaluate your interests, personality, ... and values.
Wind Energy — Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (3).
Wind Energy — Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (4).
Wind Energy — Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (5).
Wind Energy — Read the text and choose the best options to fill in the gap (7).
This happens because computers ... to compensate for feelings of loneliness, marital and work problems, poor social life, and financial problems.
All in all, the internet is here to stay and whether it ... our life is up to us.
How long ... you ...? (Since I was 17.)
How long ... you ... Kate?
I ... here all my life.
Kate has been working here ...
The boy sitting next to me on the plane was nervous because he ... before.
We are late. The film ... by the time we get to the cinema.
We ... 20 new buildings this year.
I ... to the news on television at nine o'clock last night.
I ... for a whole hour!
Long ago they ... most houses out of wood.
We still ... life on other planets.
1. Определите тип условного предложения : If the weather is fine we shall go for a walk.
a. + реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
2. Определите тип условного предложения : If the company had taken into account the business situation they would have adapted their product.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. + нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
3. Определите тип условного предложения : We won't strike a deal with you unless you create favorable conditions.
a. + реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
4. Определите тип условного предложения : They would sign the contract if you paid in advance.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. + нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
5. Определите тип условного предложения : They would not have suffered losses if they had taken precautions.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. + нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
6. Определите тип условного предложения : If we wanted to buy something from you we would let you know.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. + нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
7. Определите тип условного предложения : If he phones I'll let you know.
a. + реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
8. Определите тип условного предложения : If my grandfather had bought those shares I would have become a millionaire long ago.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. + нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
9. Определите тип условного предложения : If the company had used census data they would have positioned their product more accurately.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. + нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
10. Определите тип условного предложения : If you tabulated the collected information it would be easier to analyze it.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. + нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
11. Определите тип условного предложения : We might reduce the expenditure if our partners helped us.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. + нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
12. Определите тип условного предложения : If you wanted to help us you would invest in our company.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. + нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
13. Определите тип условного предложения : If you invest in this company you will be paid off very soon.
a. + реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
14. Определите тип условного предложения : If the economic climate does not change they will loose all their investments.
a. + реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
15. Определите тип условного предложения : If he were not so sure he would not promise anything.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. + нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
16. Определите тип условного предложения : If we had branded the product the brand would have been well-established long ago.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. + нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
17. Определите тип условного предложения : If he had taken a taxi he would have caught the train.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. + нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
18. Определите тип условного предложения : He will send you a fax if you give him your fax number.
a. + реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
19. Определите тип условного предложения : They would earn more money if they worked longer hours.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. + нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
20. Определите тип условного предложения : If he had learned this information beforehand he could have earned much money on it.
a. реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
b. нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
c. + нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.
21. Выберите окончание предложения If he took a taxi ...
a. he will catch the train.
b. + he would catch the train.
c. he would have caught the train.
22. Выберите окончание предложения They would have earned more money ...
a. if they work longer hours.
b. + if they had worked longer hours.
c. if they worked longer hours.
23. Выберите окончание предложения He would have sent you an e-mail if ...
a. + you had given him your e-mail address
b. you gave him your e-mail address
c. give him your e-mail address
24. Выберите окончание предложения If she follows my advice...
a. + it will do her good
b. it would do her good
c. it would have done her good
25. Выберите окончание предложения If I had known you had a mobile phone I...
a. would contact you
b. will contact you
c. + would have contacted you
26. Выберите окончание предложения If she could cook as well as you, she ... a restaurant.
a. + would open
b. will open
c. had opened
27. Выберите окончание предложения I shall come and meet you in the car if it... .
a. + rains
b. will rain
c. had rained
28. Выберите окончание предложения It would be wonderful if ... .
a. + they came
b. will come
c. would come
29. Выберите окончание предложения If he had consulted his own interests he ... .
a. will not do it
b. + would have never done it
c. did not do it
30. Выберите окончание предложения What will you do if your computer... ?
a. won't work
b. had not worked
c. + doesn't work
31. Выберите окончание предложения If I had known when your birthday was I.... .
a. bought you a present
b. will buy you a present
c. + would have bought you a present
32. Выберите окончание предложения If you helped him, he ... .
a. + would be happy
b. will be happy
c. was happy
33. Выберите окончание предложения If you managed to get tickets to the theatre we ... .
a. will spend time together
b. + would spent time together
c. spent time together
34. Выберите окончание предложения I would have brought you the book, if I... .
a. found it
b. + had found it
c. if I find it
35. Выберите окончание предложения We shall fly to Paris, if he ... .
a. + agrees to pay
b. had paid
c. paid
36. Выберите окончание предложения We wouldn't have any money if we ... .
a. + did not work
b. hadn't worked
c. will not work
37. Выберите окончание предложения She would have told you everything if she ... .
a. knew
b. will know
c. + had known
38. Выберите окончание предложения If you invited her to the party tomorrow she ... .
a. will come
b. had come
c. + would come
39. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы вы подписали разрешение на отгрузку вовремя, задержки с поставкой товара не произошло бы.
a. + if you had signed
b. if you signed
c. if you sign
40. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы Вы согласились ускорить отправку второй партии товара, штрафные санкции не были бы востребованы.
a. were not charged
b. would not have been charged
c. + wouldn't be charged
41. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы монтаж оборудования был осуществлен своевременно, завод бы уже давно достиг запланированной мощности.
a. will reach
b. would reach
c. + would have reached
42. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы Вы отправили перевод по телеграфу, мы бы уже давно получили деньги.
a. + had sent
b. sent
c. will sent
43. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если вы завтра сдадите успешно экзамены, то я приглашу вас в театр.
a. + if you pass
b. if you passed
c. if you had passed
44. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы вы перевели деньги вовремя, то уже давно получили бы свой товар.
a. would receive
b. will receive
c. + would have received
45. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы мы купили билеты в кино, мы бы прекрасно провели время.
a. if we had bought
b. + if we bought
c. if we buy
46. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если не будет задержки самолета, то мы успеем на конференцию.
a. + if there is no delay
b. if there were no delay
c. if there had not been any delay
47. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы фирма использовала профессионалов, рекламная кампания не провалилась бы.
a. + would be a success
b. will be a success
c. would have been a success
48. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы мы вышли на индийский рынок 10 лет назад, наши доходы значительно бы возросли.
a. + had broken into
b. broke into
c. will break into
49. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если им удастся прорваться на мировой рынок, они будут счастливы.
a. + if they break into
b. if they broke
c. if they had broken into
50. Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы я купил новый автомобиль, я бы отдал тебе свой.
a. if I had bought
b. + if I bought
c. if I buy
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ЧАСТЬ 2 ИЗ 3. ВОПРОСЫ 51–100
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51. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола The buyers must have money to spend and the willingness to spend it.
a. + должны
b. могут
c. может быть
52. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола A concept for a product or service may develop long before any marketing research is done, or it may be a response to identifying need.
a. должен
b. + может
c. следует
53. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола They could have launched their new product 3 months ago.
a. следует
b. + могли
c. должны
54. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола They must have sold everything.
a. может быть
b. вероятно
c. + должно быть
55. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола There may be a delay in solving this problem.
a. + может быть
b. должна быть
c. следовало бы
56. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола You needn't have sent the fax. I sent them e-mail yesterday.
a. не должен
b. + не надо было
c. не мог
57. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола He had to do it yesterday.
a. + пришлось
b. мог
c. следовало бы
58. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола They might still be doing that business.
a. + вероятно
b. должен
c. мог
59. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола You ought to use new methods in advertising
a. мог бы
b. можно
c. + следует
60. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола You should have bought meat instead of sausages.
a. должен
b. + следовало бы
c. мог
61. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола You were to come to our meeting, but you didn't.
a. + должны были
b. могли
c. может быть
62. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола What time are you to meet the president?
a. + должен
b. мог бы
c. надо было
63. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола You need to go there as soon as possible.
a. можешь
b. должен
c. + надо
64. Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола The company could not have launched the entirely new product.
a. не должна
b. не следует
c. + не может быть
65. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению Don't forget you ... to meet me at the station.
a. must
b. can
c. + are
66. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению You ...find him in the library.
a. + may
b. is
c. ought
67. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению He hasn't come , he ... have forgotten about our appointment.
a. is
b. + must
c. can
68. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению The film ... to begin at 5 o'clock.
a. must
b. + is
c. can
69. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению I ... to stay at home yesterday.
a. + had
b. must
c. may
70. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению We ... try to find the solution to the problem.
a. have
b. + must
c. are
71. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению She isn't in. She ... be out for lunch.
a. has
b. is able
c. + must
72. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению You ... to read this book in the original.
a. + are
b. must
c. can
73. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению He is late. The car ... have broken down again.
a. ought
b. should
c. + must
74. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению You ...help me. I can do it myself.
a. don't have
b. are
c. + needn't
75. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению She ... to join them tomorrow.
a. can
b. must
c. + will be able
76. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению You ... have told me about it.
a. is able
b. ought
c. + should
77. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению The train ... to leave at 11 a.m.
a. + is
b. must
c. should
78. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению He ... buy a newspaper because the shop was closed.
a. must not
b. shouldn't
c. + couldn't
79. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению He asked me if he... use my phone.
a. is able to
b. can
c. + could
80. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению Sometimes customs clearance ... be difficult to obtain.
a. + may
b. must
c. is
81. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению If we outsourced more we ... save a lot of money.
a. must
b. may
c. + could
82. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению Their product ... be selling very well, otherwise the company would not have increased the production.
a. + must
b. may
c. can
83. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению Scrutiny ... reveal opportunities to increase sales.
a. is
b. + may
c. is able
84. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению The company ... have launched the entirely new product.
a. mustn't
b. may not
c. + couldn't
85. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению I can't find my book. I ... have lost it somewhere.
a. should
b. + must
c. have
86. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению I shall ... to do it tomorrow.
a. can
b. may
c. + be able
87. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению You ... have come earlier. The professor has already made his report.
a. will be able
b. + should
c. ought
88. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению He ... have asked such a foolish question.
a. mustn't
b. + couldn't
c. was allowed
89. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению She ...to take an exam tomorrow.
a. + will have
b. must
c. can
90. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению They ... be late if there is a traffic jam.
a. have
b. need
c. + may
91. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению We will ... to dance till morning.
a. + be allowed
b. ought
c. can
92. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению They ... to meet at the restaurant, but she did not come.
a. can
b. need
c. + were
93. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению Who ... to go on business to Berlin?
a. + is
b. must
c. can
94. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению I ... to go to the bank yesterday to get some money.
a. + had
b. could
c. need
95. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods. As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of intermediaries or "middlemen." These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing. As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user " Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products. The transfer of goods took place because:
a. People were violent;
b. A mutually satisfactory transaction was desirable;
c. + People were unable to produce everything themselves;
96. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods. As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of intermediaries or "middlemen." These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing. As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user " Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products. What is the role of an intermediary?
a. To make interested parties produce some product together;
b. + To match Sellers and Buyers;
c. To perform a variety of tasks.
97. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods. As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of intermediaries or "middlemen." These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing. As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user " Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products. Marketing is:
a. + Promoting goods and services from producer to user;
b. Storing and selling goods;
c. Understanding consumer circumstances.
98. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market. One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer`s job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict. Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and customers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell. The product is to be designed:
a. to meet the requirements of the producers;
b. to function efficiently;
c. + to benefit both the manufacturer and the consumer;
99. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market. One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer`s job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict. Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and customers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell. Why is it the marketer's job to gauge fashion trends?
a. + because they have to cope with fashion;
b. because they must offer their customers а variety of styles;
c. because fashion is difficult to predict;
100. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market. One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer`s job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict. Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and customers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell. The feedback on product acceptance is important for:
a. consumers to consider comparative prices
b. the quality control;
c. + the entire merchandising process;
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ЧАСТЬ 3 ИЗ 3. ВОПРОСЫ 101–103
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101. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an important marketing decision. An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer segments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up. Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to consumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names. The breadth of the product line of a company depends on:
a. deciding questions on diversification and simplification;
b. + the target market and the resources available;
c. the financial position only;
102. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an important marketing decision. An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer segments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up. Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to consumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names. What is trading up?
a. + offering high-quality, expensive goods to affluent markets;
b. positioning products with respect to the competition;
c. challenging the leader.
103. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an important marketing decision. An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer segments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up. Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to consumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names. What is the purpose of branding?
a. to satisfy consumers with attractive brand names;
b. to make the company famous;
c. + to identify merchandize and differentiate it from other products.
1. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный. He will do it when he ... writing this letter.
a. Will finish
b. + Has finished
c. Finish
d. Would finish
2. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный. At the moment we ... exercises on tenses.
a. + Are doing
b. Do
c. Have done
d. Have been doing
3. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный. He ... this article for three hours and hasn`t finished it yet.
a. Is writing
b. Writes
c. + Has been writing
d. Has written
4. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный. When I entered the office, most people ... at their desks.
a. Worked
b. + Were working
c. Have been working
d. Had been working
5. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный. By the time the secretary returned, the fax ... .
a. Was received
b. Received
c. Has been received
d. + Had been received
6. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный. Letters ... to all clients every week.
a. Send
b. Will send
c. + Are sent
d. Are being sent
7. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный. I am not going to the party. I ... .
a. Haven`t invited
b. Didn`t invite
c. + Haven`t been invited
d. Aren`t invited
8. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный. A new shopping center ... opened in a month.
a. Had been
b. Will have been
c. Has
d. + Will be
9. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный. He said that he ... her for several years.
a. Knows
b. Will know
c. + Had known
d. Would have known
10. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный I was sure the book ... published soon.
a. Will be
b. + Would be
c. Was
d. Is
11. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный She told me she ... on business to the USA.
a. + Was going
b. Had been going
c. Will be going
d. Has gone
12. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный They assured us that they ... our town twice.
a. Has visited
b. + Had visited
c. Visit
d. Are visiting
13. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный When I ... in London I hope to visit a friend of mine.
a. Was
b. + Am
c. Have been
d. Will be
14. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный The documents ... now.
a. Cheked
b. Are checking
c. Have been checked
d. + Are being checked
15. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный I didn`t know the answer because I ... the book.
a. Wouldn`t read
b. Don`t read
c. + Hadn`t read
d. Didn`t read
16. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный He ... the report for today`s seminar.
a. Doesn`t prepare
b. + Hasn`t prepared
c. Isn`t prepared
d. Hadn`t prepared
17. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный I wonder whether he ... .
a. Come
b. Comes
c. + Will come
d. Would come
18. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный I ... for you when you come out of the building.
a. Am waiting
b. Was waiting
c. Be waiting
d. + Will be waiting
19. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный She ... piano lessons since last June.
a. Is taking
b. Takes
c. + Has been taking
d. Took
20. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный I ... this wonderfull film when I was 16.
a. See
b. Have seen
c. + Saw
d. Had seen
21. Выберите правильный вариант подчеркнутой формы глагола `` Твой компьютер подключен к Интернету?`` - ``Да, я пользуюсь Интернето уже 4 года``. - `` Ты когда-нибудь думал о создании собственного сайта?`` - `` Как раз сейчас я делаю его. Как только он будет завершен , ты сможешь его увидеть. Думаю, он тебе понравится``.
a. Is ... connecting
b. ... connected
c. Had ... been connected
d. + Is ... connected
22. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный We would have helped you if we ... you were in trouble,
a. knew
b. have known
c. + had known
23. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If you ... me more information, I won`t be able to help you.
a. + don`t give
b. won`t give
c. wouldn`t give
24. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If you saw her now, you ... her.
a. won`t recognize
b. + wouldn`t recognize
c. don`t recognize
25. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If you ... in yourself, you would succeed.
a. don`t have
b. wouldn`t have
c. + wouldn`t have had
26. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный He will be late for the plane, if he ... at once.
a. didn`t start
b. + doesn`t start
c. won`t start
27. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If Tim ... more carefully, he wouldn`t have made that mistake.
a. would have listened
b. + had listened
c. listened
28. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If we`d found suitable premises, we ... earlier.
a. + would have moved
b. had moved
c. would move
29. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If people kept their offices more tidy, it ... a better image to our visitors.
a. + might present
b. presented
c. will present
30. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If I ... about their financial problems, I woudn`t have done business with them.
a. would know
b. + had known
c. knew
31. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If our side ... better prepared, we could have succeeded in the negotiations.
a. + had been
b. was
c. were
32. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный I woudn`t worry if I ... you.
a. + were
b. am
c. be
33. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный I wish I ... so many whiskies last night.
a. + hadn`t drunk
b. didn`t drink
c. wasn`t drinking
34. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный There`s so little space in here. I wish I ... a bigger office.
a. have
b. + had
c. will have
35. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный I don`t feel well. I wish I ... in bed this morning.
a. + could stay
b. will stay
c. stay
36. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If I had known you had a mobile phone I ... you.
a. would contact
b. had contacted
c. + would have contacted
37. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If she could cook as well as you, she ... a restaurant.
a. + would open
b. will open
c. had opened
38. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный If it ... I`ll come and meet you in the car.
a. rain
b. will rain
c. + rains
39. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный It ... wonderful if he had said that. But he didn`t.
a. was
b. would be
c. + would have been
40. Из нескольких вариантов ответов выберите единственно правильный What will you do if your computer ... ?
a. won`t work
b. don`t work
c. + doesn`t work
41. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. I don`t think I... to use my car soon. It`s badly damaged,
a. can
b. + Will be able
c. should
42. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. We`ve got two hours left. We ... leave yet.
a. should
b. are to
c. + needn`t
43. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. She ... angry when she heard the news.
a. must be
b. should be
c. + must have been
44. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. The weather forecast says it... snow tomorrow.
a. + may
b. should
c. need
45. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. He ... to have done that.
a. mustn`t
b. + ought not
c. can`t
46. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. You ... have told me about it.
a. is able
b. ought
c. + should
47. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. The train ... to leave at 11 a.m.
a. + is
b. must
c. should
48. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. He ... buy a newspaper because the shop was closed.
a. must not
b. shouldn`t
c. + couldn`t
49. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. He asked me if he... use my phone.
a. is able to
b. can
c. + could
50. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. Sometimes customs clearance ... be difficult to obtain.
a. + may
b. must
c. is
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ЧАСТЬ 2 ИЗ 3. ВОПРОСЫ 51–100
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51. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. If we outsourced more we ... save a lot of money.
a. must
b. may
c. + could
52. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. Their product ... be selling very well, otherwise the company would not have increased the production.
a. + must
b. may
c. can
53. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. Scrutiny ... reveal opportunities to increase sales.
a. is
b. + may
c. is able
54. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. The company ... have launched the entirely new product.
a. mustn`t
b. may not
c. + couldn`t
55. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. I can`t find my book. I ... have lost it somewhere.
a. should
b. + must
c. have
56. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. It was a through train, so we ... to change trains.
a. mustn`t
b. hadn`t
c. + didn`t have
57. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. You ... to check the weather before starting off.
a. should
b. + ought
c. can
58. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. Don`t forget that we ... to meet in the evening.
a. must
b. could
c. + are
59. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. You ... find him there.
a. + may
b. are allowed
c. are able
60. Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. She ... to catch the 8.15 bus.
a. must
b. + won`t be able
c. needn`t
61. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. I remember ... it once before.
a. discuss
b. to discuss
c. + discussing
d. being discussed
62. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. I think the idea .. .by him is the best one.
a. suggesting
b. + suggested
c. having suggested
d. to have suggested
63. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. We managed ... home in two hours.
a. drive
b. driving
c. + to drive
d. having driven
64. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. He can`t bear ... what to do all the time.
a. + being told
b. having told
c. tell
d. be told
65. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. The film was so funny that it really made me ....
a. to laugh
b. laughing
c. to have laughed
d. + laugh
66. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. ... several enquiries, I finally discovered her address.
a. Made
b. Having been made
c. + Having made
d. Being made
67. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. Nobody can deny the importance ... foreign languages.
a. to learn
b. learning
c. + of learning
d. of being learnt
68. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. She made him ... his promise.
a. + keep
b. keeping
c. to keep
d. being kept
69. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. The news .. .yesterday impressed me greatly.
a. having received
b. receiving
c. be received
d. + received
70. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. You`d better ... .
a. stop worry
b. not to worry
c. + stop worrying
d. don`t worry
71. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. They made ... a decision.
a. him to take
b. + him take
c. him taking
d. he to take
72. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. My father doesn`t let ... his car.
a. me to drive
b. that I drive
c. me driving
d. + me drive
73. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. I refused to let him ... me.
a. + help
b. helping
c. to help
d. helped
74. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. Every major city keeps ... and London is no exception.
a. to change
b. change
c. having changed
d. + changing
75. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. On arriving at the airport we discovered that the plane ... .
a. is late
b. will be late
c. being late
d. + would be late
76. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. I am looking forward ... you again soon.
a. to see
b. + to seeing
c. seeing
d. that I will see
77. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. I expect ... an answer soon.
a. receive
b. him receive
c. + to receive
d. receiving
78. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. The book made me ... sleepy.
a. to feel
b. feeling
c. + feel
d. felt
79. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. Would you mind ... to the library with me?
a. + coming up
b. come up
c. that you come up
d. to come up
80. Выберите грамматическую конструкцию, соответствующую каждому предложению. He felt like ... the whole affair.
a. he gives up
b. give up
c. + giving up
d. to give up
81. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению They are said to have made a new proposal.
a. Говорят, они должны сделать новое предложение.
b. Они сказали, что сделают новое предложение.
c. + Говорят, они сделали новое предложение.
82. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению We expected him to arrive before dark.
a. + Мы ожидали, что он приедет до наступления темноты.
b. Мы ждали его, пока не стемнело.
c. Как мы и ожидали, он приехал до наступления темноты.
83. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению Не appears to be looking for his friend.
a. Он пришел, чтобы поискать своего друга.
b. Казалось, он искал своего друга.
c. + Кажется, он ищет своего друга.
84. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению I would like your report to be discussed with our staff.
a. Я бы хотел, чтобы ты обсудил свой доклад с нашими сотрудниками.
b. + Я бы хотел, чтобы твой доклад обсудили с нашими сотрудниками.
c. Я бы хотел обсудить твой доклад с нашими сотрудниками.
85. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению The article is known to be useful.
a. Статья, которую надо найти, должна стать полезной.
b. + Как известно, эта статья является полезной.
c. Найденная статья полезна.
86. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению He wanted his program to be written in Basic.
a. Он хотел написать программу на языке Бейсик.
b. + Он хотел, чтобы программа была написана на языке Бейсик.
c. Ему нужна программа, написанная на языке Бейсик.
87. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению These students are known to have passed all the exams successfully.
a. Известные студенты сдали все экзамены успешно.
b. + Известно, что эти студенты сдали все экзамены успешно.
c. Очевидно, что эти студенты сдадут все экзамены успешно.
88. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению They seem to have learned all the rules.
a. Им кажется, что они выучили все правила.
b. + Кажется, они выучили все правила.
c. Кажется, они учат все правила.
89. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению Scientists wanted the new methods of investigations to be introduced in the laboratories.
a. Ученые хотели ввести новые методы исследования в лабораториях.
b. В лабораториях, вводящих новые методы исследования, работали ученые.
c. + Ученые хотели, чтобы новые методы исследования были введены в лабораториях.
90. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению We believe his conclusion to be wrong.
a. + Мы считаем, что его заключение ошибочно.
b. Мы верим ему, что это заключение ошибочно.
c. Мы верим его заключению, что это неверно.
91. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению He was said not to have taken any decision yet.
a. Говорили, что он все еще принимает решение.
b. Он сказал, что пока не будет принимать никакого решения.
c. + Говорили, что он еще не принял никакого решения.
92. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению They would like us to call on them.
a. Они любят заходить к нам.
b. + Они бы хотели, чтобы мы зашли к ним.
c. Им нравится, когда мы к ним заходим.
93. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению He seemed to expect his orders to be obeyed.
a. + Казалось, он ожидал, что его распоряжения будут выполнены.
b. Ему казалось, что его распоряжения выполнены.
c. Кажется, он ждет распоряжений, чтобы выполнить их.
94. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению The subject is not likely to be raised during the talks.
a. + Маловероятно, что этот вопрос будет поднят на переговорах.
b. Не хотелось бы поднимать этот вопрос на переговорах.
c. Вряд ли этот вопрос был поднят на переговорах.
95. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению We expected him to report on the findings.
a. Мы ждали его, чтобы представить отчет о полученных данных.
b. Мы полагали, что ему представят отчет о полученных данных.
c. + Мы ожидали, что он представит отчет о полученных данных.
96. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению He seemed to have guessed the riddle.
a. + Казалось, он отгадал загадку.
b. Казалось, он отгадает загадку.
c. Ему показалось, что он отгадал загадку.
97. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению They are sure to agree to take part in this work.
a. Они уверены, что им надо принять участие в этой работе.
b. + Они непременно согласятся принять участие в этой работе.
c. Вероятно, они согласились принять участие в этой работе.
98. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению I want my sister to do the shopping.
a. Мы с сестрой ходили за покупками.
b. + Я хочу, чтобы сестра сделала покупки.
c. Я хочу сделать покупки для моей сестры.
99. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению They seem to be winning the match.
a. + Кажется, они выигрывают матч.
b. Им кажется, что они выигрывают матч.
c. Кажется, они выиграли матч.
100. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению We believe him to do this work best of all.
a. Мы ему доверяем, он выполнит эту работу лучше всех.
b. Мы полагаем, что он выполнил эту работу лучше всех.
c. + Мы полагаем, что он выполнит эту работу лучше всех.
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ЧАСТЬ 3 ИЗ 3. ВОПРОСЫ 101–120
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101. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ. In marketing, as in the rest of life, there is much to learn from history. Postmortems of marketing failures are important factors in making decisions about the future. The spectrum of marketing failures ranges from inadequate return on the original investment to corporate bankruptcy. As production techniques and marketing systems become more sophisticated, cross-cultural trading increases. As people of different cultures become more dependent on each other for their living standards, they appreciate the need for peace and stability. Communication and transportation systems have created a small world, in a marketing sense. Every year more and more firms, even relatively small ones, enter the international market. The problems encountered there are significantly different from those encountered in domestic operations. Marketers are accustomed to risk-taking; but in international dealings the dimensions of these risks are often misjudged and misunderstood. The emergence of the multinational corporation (MNC) is of major significance in the future of marketing. Many firms that entered the export business in a modest way eventually became fully committed to an international perspective. The two basic roles of these MNCs are the transmission of resources, especially technological and managerial skills, and organization of the economic activities of several nations. Global approaches to economic decisions often differ with the aims of specific countries. There may be resistance to multinational activities for reasons of nationalism, control, and the extraction of profits Studying marketing failures ...
a. + is valuable in making future decisions
b. leads to corporate bankruptcy
c. results in inadequate return on original investment
102. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ. In marketing, as in the rest of life, there is much to learn from history. Postmortems of marketing failures are important factors in making decisions about the future. The spectrum of marketing failures ranges from inadequate return on the original investment to corporate bankruptcy. As production techniques and marketing systems become more sophisticated, cross-cultural trading increases. As people of different cultures become more dependent on each other for their living standards, they appreciate the need for peace and stability. Communication and transportation systems have created a small world, in a marketing sense. Every year more and more firms, even relatively small ones, enter the international market. The problems encountered there are significantly different from those encountered in domestic operations. Marketers are accustomed to risk-taking; but in international dealings the dimensions of these risks are often misjudged and misunderstood. The emergence of the multinational corporation (MNC) is of major significance in the future of marketing. Many firms that entered the export business in a modest way eventually became fully committed to an international perspective. The two basic roles of these MNCs are the transmission of resources, especially technological and managerial skills, and organization of the economic activities of several nations. Global approaches to economic decisions often differ with the aims of specific countries. There may be resistance to multinational activities for reasons of nationalism, control, and the extraction of profits The current trend in marketing is ...
a. failure to adhere to long-range goal policies
b. + development of international trade
c. misjudged strategies
103. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ. In marketing, as in the rest of life, there is much to learn from history. Postmortems of marketing failures are important factors in making decisions about the future. The spectrum of marketing failures ranges from inadequate return on the original investment to corporate bankruptcy. As production techniques and marketing systems become more sophisticated, cross-cultural trading increases. As people of different cultures become more dependent on each other for their living standards, they appreciate the need for peace and stability. Communication and transportation systems have created a small world, in a marketing sense. Every year more and more firms, even relatively small ones, enter the international market. The problems encountered there are significantly different from those encountered in domestic operations. Marketers are accustomed to risk-taking; but in international dealings the dimensions of these risks are often misjudged and misunderstood. The emergence of the multinational corporation (MNC) is of major significance in the future of marketing. Many firms that entered the export business in a modest way eventually became fully committed to an international perspective. The two basic roles of these MNCs are the transmission of resources, especially technological and managerial skills, and organization of the economic activities of several nations. Global approaches to economic decisions often differ with the aims of specific countries. There may be resistance to multinational activities for reasons of nationalism, control, and the extraction of profits Domestic marketing problems and international marketing problems are.
a. similar
b. + quite different
c. not understandable
104. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ. In marketing, as in the rest of life, there is much to learn from history. Postmortems of marketing failures are important factors in making decisions about the future. The spectrum of marketing failures ranges from inadequate return on the original investment to corporate bankruptcy. As production techniques and marketing systems become more sophisticated, cross-cultural trading increases. As people of different cultures become more dependent on each other for their living standards, they appreciate the need for peace and stability. Communication and transportation systems have created a small world, in a marketing sense. Every year more and more firms, even relatively small ones, enter the international market. The problems encountered there are significantly different from those encountered in domestic operations. Marketers are accustomed to risk-taking; but in international dealings the dimensions of these risks are often misjudged and misunderstood. The emergence of the multinational corporation (MNC) is of major significance in the future of marketing. Many firms that entered the export business in a modest way eventually became fully committed to an international perspective. The two basic roles of these MNCs are the transmission of resources, especially technological and managerial skills, and organization of the economic activities of several nations. Global approaches to economic decisions often differ with the aims of specific countries. There may be resistance to multinational activities for reasons of nationalism, control, and the extraction of profits One of the basic roles of the multinational corporation is ....
a. global approach to economic decisions
b. exhibiting the products at overseas trade shows
c. + organization of the economic activities of several nations
105. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ Most well-run organizations attempt to develop and follow strategies, large-scale action plans for interacting with the environment in,order to achieve long-term goals. A comprehensive statement of an organization`s strategies, along with`its mission arid goals, constitutes an organization`s strategic plan. To learn where such strategies originate and how they are put in action, we need to examine carefully an aspect of the planning function called strategic management. Strategic management is a process through which managers formulate and implement strategies geared to optimizing strategic goal achievement, given available environmental and internal conditions. This definition recognizes that strategic management is oriented toward reaching long-term goals, weighs important environmental elements, considers major internal characteristics of the organization, and involves developing specific strategies. The strategic management process is made up of several major components. The process begins with identifying the organization`s mission and strategic goals. The process also includes analyzing the competitive situation, taking into consideration both the external environment and relevant organizational factors. The part of the strategic management: process triat includes identifying the mission and strategic goals, conducting competitive analysis, and developing specific strategies is often referred to as strategy formulation. In contrast, the part of the strategic management process that focuses on carrying out strategic plans and maintaining control over how those plans are carried out is known as strategy implementation. Strategy implementation is increasingly highlighted as a distinct part of the strategic management process because even the most brilliantly formulated strategies must be implemented effectively in order to reach strategic goals. Strategic management ...
a. can be neglected by a successful business
b. is aimed at reaching short-term goals
c. + is a complicated process involving consideration of various factors
106. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ Most well-run organizations attempt to develop and follow strategies, large-scale action plans for interacting with the environment in,order to achieve long-term goals. A comprehensive statement of an organization`s strategies, along with`its mission arid goals, constitutes an organization`s strategic plan. To learn where such strategies originate and how they are put in action, we need to examine carefully an aspect of the planning function called strategic management. Strategic management is a process through which managers formulate and implement strategies geared to optimizing strategic goal achievement, given available environmental and internal conditions. This definition recognizes that strategic management is oriented toward reaching long-term goals, weighs important environmental elements, considers major internal characteristics of the organization, and involves developing specific strategies. The strategic management process is made up of several major components. The process begins with identifying the organization`s mission and strategic goals. The process also includes analyzing the competitive situation, taking into consideration both the external environment and relevant organizational factors. The part of the strategic management: process triat includes identifying the mission and strategic goals, conducting competitive analysis, and developing specific strategies is often referred to as strategy formulation. In contrast, the part of the strategic management process that focuses on carrying out strategic plans and maintaining control over how those plans are carried out is known as strategy implementation. Strategy implementation is increasingly highlighted as a distinct part of the strategic management process because even the most brilliantly formulated strategies must be implemented effectively in order to reach strategic goals. Strategy formulation ...
a. focuses on carrying out strategic plans
b. + is a part of the strategic management process
c. has the same functions as strategy implementation
107. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ Most well-run organizations attempt to develop and follow strategies, large-scale action plans for interacting with the environment in,order to achieve long-term goals. A comprehensive statement of an organization`s strategies, along with`its mission arid goals, constitutes an organization`s strategic plan. To learn where such strategies originate and how they are put in action, we need to examine carefully an aspect of the planning function called strategic management. Strategic management is a process through which managers formulate and implement strategies geared to optimizing strategic goal achievement, given available environmental and internal conditions. This definition recognizes that strategic management is oriented toward reaching long-term goals, weighs important environmental elements, considers major internal characteristics of the organization, and involves developing specific strategies. The strategic management process is made up of several major components. The process begins with identifying the organization`s mission and strategic goals. The process also includes analyzing the competitive situation, taking into consideration both the external environment and relevant organizational factors. The part of the strategic management: process triat includes identifying the mission and strategic goals, conducting competitive analysis, and developing specific strategies is often referred to as strategy formulation. In contrast, the part of the strategic management process that focuses on carrying out strategic plans and maintaining control over how those plans are carried out is known as strategy implementation. Strategy implementation is increasingly highlighted as a distinct part of the strategic management process because even the most brilliantly formulated strategies must be implemented effectively in order to reach strategic goals. A strategic plan is ...
a. an attempt to interact with the environment
b. + a combination of a comprehensive statement, mission and goals of an organisation
c. an achievement of long-tearm goals
108. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ Most well-run organizations attempt to develop and follow strategies, large-scale action plans for interacting with the environment in,order to achieve long-term goals. A comprehensive statement of an organization`s strategies, along with`its mission arid goals, constitutes an organization`s strategic plan. To learn where such strategies originate and how they are put in action, we need to examine carefully an aspect of the planning function called strategic management. Strategic management is a process through which managers formulate and implement strategies geared to optimizing strategic goal achievement, given available environmental and internal conditions. This definition recognizes that strategic management is oriented toward reaching long-term goals, weighs important environmental elements, considers major internal characteristics of the organization, and involves developing specific strategies. The strategic management process is made up of several major components. The process begins with identifying the organization`s mission and strategic goals. The process also includes analyzing the competitive situation, taking into consideration both the external environment and relevant organizational factors. The part of the strategic management: process triat includes identifying the mission and strategic goals, conducting competitive analysis, and developing specific strategies is often referred to as strategy formulation. In contrast, the part of the strategic management process that focuses on carrying out strategic plans and maintaining control over how those plans are carried out is known as strategy implementation. Strategy implementation is increasingly highlighted as a distinct part of the strategic management process because even the most brilliantly formulated strategies must be implemented effectively in order to reach strategic goals. Strategic management process includes ...
a. + analyzing competition
b. making business plans
c. allocating resources
109. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility. Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which are made fairly quickly and are based on judgement. Since a manager is experienced, he knows what to do in certain situations. He does not have to think too much before taking action. For example, a supervisor in a supermarket may decide, on the spot, to give a refund to a customer who has brought a product. The manager does not have to gather a great deal of additional information before making the decision. Other decisions are often intuitive ones. They are not really rational. The manager may have a hunch or a gut feeling that a certain course of action is the right one. He will follow that hunch and act accordingly. Thus, when looking for an agent in an overseas market, a sales manager may have several companies to choose from. However, he may go for one organization simply because he feels it would be the most suitable agent. Such a decision is based on hunch, rather than rational thought. Many decisions are more difficult to make since they involve problem-solving. Very often they are strategic decisions involving major courses of action which will affect the future direction of the enterprise. To make good decisions the manager should be able to select, rationally, a course of action. In practice, decisions are usually made in circumstances which are not ideal. They must be made quickly, with insufficient information. It is probably rare that a manager can make an entirely rational decision. When a complex problem arises, like where to locate a factory or which new product to develop, the manager has to collect facts and weigh up courses of action. He must be systematic in dealing with the problem. A useful approach to this sort of decision -making is as follows: the process consists of four phases: defining the problem; analyzing and collecting information; working out options and deciding on the best solutions. Managerial decisions are ...
a. based on consumer requirements research
b. entirely rational
c. + sometimes made on the spot
110. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility. Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which are made fairly quickly and are based on judgement. Since a manager is experienced, he knows what to do in certain situations. He does not have to think too much before taking action. For example, a supervisor in a supermarket may decide, on the spot, to give a refund to a customer who has brought a product. The manager does not have to gather a great deal of additional information before making the decision. Other decisions are often intuitive ones. They are not really rational. The manager may have a hunch or a gut feeling that a certain course of action is the right one. He will follow that hunch and act accordingly. Thus, when looking for an agent in an overseas market, a sales manager may have several companies to choose from. However, he may go for one organization simply because he feels it would be the most suitable agent. Such a decision is based on hunch, rather than rational thought. Many decisions are more difficult to make since they involve problem-solving. Very often they are strategic decisions involving major courses of action which will affect the future direction of the enterprise. To make good decisions the manager should be able to select, rationally, a course of action. In practice, decisions are usually made in circumstances which are not ideal. They must be made quickly, with insufficient information. It is probably rare that a manager can make an entirely rational decision. When a complex problem arises, like where to locate a factory or which new product to develop, the manager has to collect facts and weigh up courses of action. He must be systematic in dealing with the problem. A useful approach to this sort of decision -making is as follows: the process consists of four phases: defining the problem; analyzing and collecting information; working out options and deciding on the best solutions. The key task of a manager is ...
a. promoting goods
b. staffing jobs
c. + making decisions
111. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility. Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which are made fairly quickly and are based on judgement. Since a manager is experienced, he knows what to do in certain situations. He does not have to think too much before taking action. For example, a supervisor in a supermarket may decide, on the spot, to give a refund to a customer who has brought a product. The manager does not have to gather a great deal of additional information before making the decision. Other decisions are often intuitive ones. They are not really rational. The manager may have a hunch or a gut feeling that a certain course of action is the right one. He will follow that hunch and act accordingly. Thus, when looking for an agent in an overseas market, a sales manager may have several companies to choose from. However, he may go for one organization simply because he feels it would be the most suitable agent. Such a decision is based on hunch, rather than rational thought. Many decisions are more difficult to make since they involve problem-solving. Very often they are strategic decisions involving major courses of action which will affect the future direction of the enterprise. To make good decisions the manager should be able to select, rationally, a course of action. In practice, decisions are usually made in circumstances which are not ideal. They must be made quickly, with insufficient information. It is probably rare that a manager can make an entirely rational decision. When a complex problem arises, like where to locate a factory or which new product to develop, the manager has to collect facts and weigh up courses of action. He must be systematic in dealing with the problem. A useful approach to this sort of decision -making is as follows: the process consists of four phases: defining the problem; analyzing and collecting information; working out options and deciding on the best solutions. While sorting out a complex problem a manager must ...
a. be effective and flexible
b. + use a systematic approach
c. make a quick decision
112. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility. Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which are made fairly quickly and are based on judgement. Since a manager is experienced, he knows what to do in certain situations. He does not have to think too much before taking action. For example, a supervisor in a supermarket may decide, on the spot, to give a refund to a customer who has brought a product. The manager does not have to gather a great deal of additional information before making the decision. Other decisions are often intuitive ones. They are not really rational. The manager may have a hunch or a gut feeling that a certain course of action is the right one. He will follow that hunch and act accordingly. Thus, when looking for an agent in an overseas market, a sales manager may have several companies to choose from. However, he may go for one organization simply because he feels it would be the most suitable agent. Such a decision is based on hunch, rather than rational thought. Many decisions are more difficult to make since they involve problem-solving. Very often they are strategic decisions involving major courses of action which will affect the future direction of the enterprise. To make good decisions the manager should be able to select, rationally, a course of action. In practice, decisions are usually made in circumstances which are not ideal. They must be made quickly, with insufficient information. It is probably rare that a manager can make an entirely rational decision. When a complex problem arises, like where to locate a factory or which new product to develop, the manager has to collect facts and weigh up courses of action. He must be systematic in dealing with the problem. A useful approach to this sort of decision -making is as follows: the process consists of four phases: defining the problem; analyzing and collecting information; working out options and deciding on the best solutions. Decision-making ...
a. + seldom takes place in ideal conditions
b. always demands data and in-depth analyses
c. is a fairly trivial process
113. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ в каждом задании. Price, along with product, place, and promotion, are the variables that the marketing manager controls. Pricing is extremely important since it so directly affects an organization`s sales and profits. Naturally, profit objectives will guide pricing decisions. The marketing manager has to decide whether to maximize profits or establish a target return. A particular target might be a certain percentage return on sales or a certain percentage return on investment or, for a small family operation, the return might be a fixed dollar amount of profit to cover overhead and living expenses. With any objective, the time factor is crucial. What is an appropriate objective for the short-term may not be for the long-term and vice-versa. Marketers are concerned with all the factors affecting price, in order to keep their products from faring poorly in a widely variable atmosphere. Even in service areas such as passenger fares and freight rates, where detailed prices are printed and distributed, influences may cause fluctuation. The marketing manager knows that the costs of the separate elements of the marketing mix can be recovered by proper pricing. The cost of the product itself—the promotion and selling associated with it, the distribution expenses, and profit — are all directly related to price. Thus price knits together the elements of the marketing mix and pays for their respective contributions. The marketing manager must analyze and reconcile the various elements of those variables which influence price, and must then decide on an optimal price policy. The most fundamental part of any marketing analysis is the recognition of the competitive structure of the industry. Where there are many competitors offering the same type of product, price competition will be active. When there are great numbers of similar offerings, products tend to lose their individuality. Then differentiation becomes difficult, and marketers have little discretionary power to influence prices. It is in this circumstance that marketers and merchants alike look to sales techniques. Disposing of goods at reduced prices draws attention to the specific brand, in the hope that customers will continue to buy when prices return to "normal." Pricing decisions are guided by ...
a. advertising
b. + profit objectives
c. product distribution
114. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ в каждом задании. Price, along with product, place, and promotion, are the variables that the marketing manager controls. Pricing is extremely important since it so directly affects an organization`s sales and profits. Naturally, profit objectives will guide pricing decisions. The marketing manager has to decide whether to maximize profits or establish a target return. A particular target might be a certain percentage return on sales or a certain percentage return on investment or, for a small family operation, the return might be a fixed dollar amount of profit to cover overhead and living expenses. With any objective, the time factor is crucial. What is an appropriate objective for the short-term may not be for the long-term and vice-versa. Marketers are concerned with all the factors affecting price, in order to keep their products from faring poorly in a widely variable atmosphere. Even in service areas such as passenger fares and freight rates, where detailed prices are printed and distributed, influences may cause fluctuation. The marketing manager knows that the costs of the separate elements of the marketing mix can be recovered by proper pricing. The cost of the product itself—the promotion and selling associated with it, the distribution expenses, and profit — are all directly related to price. Thus price knits together the elements of the marketing mix and pays for their respective contributions. The marketing manager must analyze and reconcile the various elements of those variables which influence price, and must then decide on an optimal price policy. The most fundamental part of any marketing analysis is the recognition of the competitive structure of the industry. Where there are many competitors offering the same type of product, price competition will be active. When there are great numbers of similar offerings, products tend to lose their individuality. Then differentiation becomes difficult, and marketers have little discretionary power to influence prices. It is in this circumstance that marketers and merchants alike look to sales techniques. Disposing of goods at reduced prices draws attention to the specific brand, in the hope that customers will continue to buy when prices return to "normal." A target return is ...
a. + a pricing objective which sets a specific financial yield goal
b. a market force which maintains the equilibrium price
c. a factor which helps to cut the price
115. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ в каждом задании. Price, along with product, place, and promotion, are the variables that the marketing manager controls. Pricing is extremely important since it so directly affects an organization`s sales and profits. Naturally, profit objectives will guide pricing decisions. The marketing manager has to decide whether to maximize profits or establish a target return. A particular target might be a certain percentage return on sales or a certain percentage return on investment or, for a small family operation, the return might be a fixed dollar amount of profit to cover overhead and living expenses. With any objective, the time factor is crucial. What is an appropriate objective for the short-term may not be for the long-term and vice-versa. Marketers are concerned with all the factors affecting price, in order to keep their products from faring poorly in a widely variable atmosphere. Even in service areas such as passenger fares and freight rates, where detailed prices are printed and distributed, influences may cause fluctuation. The marketing manager knows that the costs of the separate elements of the marketing mix can be recovered by proper pricing. The cost of the product itself—the promotion and selling associated with it, the distribution expenses, and profit — are all directly related to price. Thus price knits together the elements of the marketing mix and pays for their respective contributions. The marketing manager must analyze and reconcile the various elements of those variables which influence price, and must then decide on an optimal price policy. The most fundamental part of any marketing analysis is the recognition of the competitive structure of the industry. Where there are many competitors offering the same type of product, price competition will be active. When there are great numbers of similar offerings, products tend to lose their individuality. Then differentiation becomes difficult, and marketers have little discretionary power to influence prices. It is in this circumstance that marketers and merchants alike look to sales techniques. Disposing of goods at reduced prices draws attention to the specific brand, in the hope that customers will continue to buy when prices return to "normal." Proper pricing can ...
a. + cover losses suffered due to bad sales
b. cause market fluctuation
c. result in price fixing
116. Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ в каждом задании. Price, along with product, place, and promotion, are the variables that the marketing manager controls. Pricing is extremely important since it so directly affects an organization`s sales and profits. Naturally, profit objectives will guide pricing decisions. The marketing manager has to decide whether to maximize profits or establish a target return. A particular target might be a certain percentage return on sales or a certain percentage return on investment or, for a small family operation, the return might be a fixed dollar amount of profit to cover overhead and living expenses. With any objective, the time factor is crucial. What is an appropriate objective for the short-term may not be for the long-term and vice-versa. Marketers are concerned with all the factors affecting price, in order to keep their products from faring poorly in a widely variable atmosphere. Even in service areas such as passenger fares and freight rates, where detailed prices are printed and distributed, influences may cause fluctuation. The marketing manager knows that the costs of the separate elements of the marketing mix can be recovered by proper pricing. The cost of the product itself—the promotion and selling associated with it, the distribution expenses, and profit — are all directly related to price. Thus price knits together the elements of the marketing mix and pays for their respective contributions. The marketing manager must analyze and reconcile the various elements of those variables which influence price, and must then decide on an optimal price policy. The most fundamental part of any marketing analysis is the recognition of the competitive structure of the industry. Where there are many competitors offering the same type of product, price competition will be active. When there are great numbers of similar offerings, products tend to lose their individuality. Then differentiation becomes difficult, and marketers have little discretionary power to influence prices. It is in this circumstance that marketers and merchants alike look to sales techniques. Disposing of goods at reduced prices draws attention to the specific brand, in the hope that customers will continue to buy when prices return to "normal." When do maketers start looking for new selling techniques?
a. When the demand is elastic
b. + When products lose their individuality and differentiation becomes difficult
c. When they dispose of the goods at reduced prices
117. Почитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ Banks are among the most important financial institutions. The way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its objectives. The first and the most important function of a central bank is to accept responsibility for advising the government on the making of the country`s financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out. The aim of commercial banks is to earn profit. Over the years banks have developed organizational forms, or structures, designed to perform these various roles and to supply the services their customers demand. A commercial bank which provides the` same range of services year after year is less likely to be successful. Successful competing in the constantly changing global business environment requires market-driven strategies that are responsive to customers` needs and wants. Executives who do not recognize the change`s occurring in the vast array of markets for products and services will not be able to cope with the unprecedented competitive pressure in the market place. To improve competitive advantages they are drastically altering their business and marketing strategies which may include downsizing, repositioning, market segmentation, altering the business portfolio, pricing, promotion and strategic alliances between companies. With the global increase in the number of competitors banks face in their major markets, more and more banking firms have become market-driven and more alert to the changing service demands of their customers and also to the challenges posed by bank and nonbank competitors. This trend forced bank managers to become more concerned with service marketing activities and with profitability and growth. Banks are usually organized to follow their functions and supply the services as efficiently as possible. Moreover, as larger banks generally offer more services, a bank`s size is also a significant factor in determining how banks are organized. Bank organization is determined by ...
a. its staff
b. + its objectives and size
c. the government
118. Почитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ Banks are among the most important financial institutions. The way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its objectives. The first and the most important function of a central bank is to accept responsibility for advising the government on the making of the country`s financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out. The aim of commercial banks is to earn profit. Over the years banks have developed organizational forms, or structures, designed to perform these various roles and to supply the services their customers demand. A commercial bank which provides the` same range of services year after year is less likely to be successful. Successful competing in the constantly changing global business environment requires market-driven strategies that are responsive to customers` needs and wants. Executives who do not recognize the change`s occurring in the vast array of markets for products and services will not be able to cope with the unprecedented competitive pressure in the market place. To improve competitive advantages they are drastically altering their business and marketing strategies which may include downsizing, repositioning, market segmentation, altering the business portfolio, pricing, promotion and strategic alliances between companies. With the global increase in the number of competitors banks face in their major markets, more and more banking firms have become market-driven and more alert to the changing service demands of their customers and also to the challenges posed by bank and nonbank competitors. This trend forced bank managers to become more concerned with service marketing activities and with profitability and growth. Banks are usually organized to follow their functions and supply the services as efficiently as possible. Moreover, as larger banks generally offer more services, a bank`s size is also a significant factor in determining how banks are organized. According to the text, the aims of a central bank and commercial banks are ...
a. + different
b. alike
c. not mentioned
119. Почитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ Banks are among the most important financial institutions. The way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its objectives. The first and the most important function of a central bank is to accept responsibility for advising the government on the making of the country`s financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out. The aim of commercial banks is to earn profit. Over the years banks have developed organizational forms, or structures, designed to perform these various roles and to supply the services their customers demand. A commercial bank which provides the` same range of services year after year is less likely to be successful. Successful competing in the constantly changing global business environment requires market-driven strategies that are responsive to customers` needs and wants. Executives who do not recognize the change`s occurring in the vast array of markets for products and services will not be able to cope with the unprecedented competitive pressure in the market place. To improve competitive advantages they are drastically altering their business and marketing strategies which may include downsizing, repositioning, market segmentation, altering the business portfolio, pricing, promotion and strategic alliances between companies. With the global increase in the number of competitors banks face in their major markets, more and more banking firms have become market-driven and more alert to the changing service demands of their customers and also to the challenges posed by bank and nonbank competitors. This trend forced bank managers to become more concerned with service marketing activities and with profitability and growth. Banks are usually organized to follow their functions and supply the services as efficiently as possible. Moreover, as larger banks generally offer more services, a bank`s size is also a significant factor in determining how banks are organized. Successful competition in the market of bank services presupposes ...
a. constant range of services
b. + custom-oriented market-driven strategies
c. development of financial markets
120. Почитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ Banks are among the most important financial institutions. The way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its objectives. The first and the most important function of a central bank is to accept responsibility for advising the government on the making of the country`s financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out. The aim of commercial banks is to earn profit. Over the years banks have developed organizational forms, or structures, designed to perform these various roles and to supply the services their customers demand. A commercial bank which provides the` same range of services year after year is less likely to be successful. Successful competing in the constantly changing global business environment requires market-driven strategies that are responsive to customers` needs and wants. Executives who do not recognize the change`s occurring in the vast array of markets for products and services will not be able to cope with the unprecedented competitive pressure in the market place. To improve competitive advantages they are drastically altering their business and marketing strategies which may include downsizing, repositioning, market segmentation, altering the business portfolio, pricing, promotion and strategic alliances between companies. With the global increase in the number of competitors banks face in their major markets, more and more banking firms have become market-driven and more alert to the changing service demands of their customers and also to the challenges posed by bank and nonbank competitors. This trend forced bank managers to become more concerned with service marketing activities and with profitability and growth. Banks are usually organized to follow their functions and supply the services as efficiently as possible. Moreover, as larger banks generally offer more services, a bank`s size is also a significant factor in determining how banks are organized. To cope with competitive pressure in the market place bank executives should ...
a. increase profitability
b. neglect marketing strategies
c. + take into account market changes
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