Тест 1
The primary origin of most rules of law is ...
The development of new codes of law in various countries was influenced by ...
Laws are considered essential for society because ...
... is an established and accepted way of behavior in defined circumstances that develops into a norm within a society.
... is a historical document from 1217 that established limits on the powers of the king and laid the groundwork for individual legal rights and liberties.
... is legal responsibility for one's actions or failures to act, which may result in penalties, damages, or the obligation to compensate for harm caused.
Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:
Match the principles of law with its purposes
Match the statements with its descriptions
Put the following events of the development of law in chronological order:
Тест 2
A characteristic of common law systems is ...
In civil law systems, the primary source of law is …
The purpose of legal norms is ...
"Jurisprudence" refers to …
... is a popular assembly elected in the UK for a term of not more than 5 years by almost universal adult suffrage.
The ... is responsible for interpreting the law and ensuring justice is served.
In a criminal case, the … must prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
The principle of … ensures that similar cases are treated alike in the legal system.
If someone is accused of a crime, they have the right to a … trial.
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer. Text: John was wrongfully convicted of theft based on faulty eyewitness testimony and inadequate legal representation. After serving two years in prison, new evidence emerged that proved his innocence. John is now considering a lawsuit against the state for the wrongful conviction, seeking compensation for the time he lost and the emotional distress he experienced. Question: What legal principle is most applicable to John's situation?
Тест 3
The term "area of law" refers to …
Which of the following is NOT a common area of law?
Federal law is …
An example of a source of national law is …
A key difference between international law and domestic law is …
Match the terms with their definitions:
Arrange the stages of criminal proceedings in the correct sequence:
Put the following areas of law in order from most general to most specific:
The body of law that governs the relationship between individuals and the government is called … law.
… refers to ordinances and regulations enacted by local government entities, such as cities, towns, or counties.
Тест 4
Who presides over the hearing in a courtroom?
In a legal context, the primary responsibility of a prosecutor is …
A professional that typically has direct contact with clients is a …
Match each legal profession with the correct description:
Match each legal profession with the corresponding description:
Put the steps in the correct order to become a practicing attorney:
Arrange series of events related to the legal profession in the correct chronological order:
… receive instructions from their clients on a variety of matters both civil and criminal.
Lawyers may perform different functions: they give legal … to clients, draft legal papers and represent a client in a court of law.
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer: You are a junior associate at a law firm specializing in corporate law. Your supervisor has asked you to prepare a brief summary of an important legal concept that is frequently encountered in your practice area. Question: What important legal concept should a junior lawyer prepare for in their practice?
Тест 5
Which of the following is NOT a type of court in England?
The primary role of a judge in the English court system is …
The purpose of a jury in a trial is …
Match the court with its function:
Put the steps of a civil action in the correct order:
Put the steps of the appeal process in the correct order:
The … is the second-highest court in England and Wales.
The judges in the Supreme Court are known as ….
The … Court deals with appeals from lower courts.
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer. In the case of Johnson v. Smith, Mr. Johnson, a resident of London, purchased a new roof from a construction company owned by Mr. Smith. After completing the installation, Mr. Johnson discovered multiple leaks during the first rainstorm and claimed that the work was poorly done. He attempted to resolve the issue directly with Mr. Smith, but the company refused to fix the roof without additional payment. Consequently, Mr. Johnson filed a lawsuit against Mr. Smith in the County Court, seeking damages for the cost of repairs and associated losses. Question: What type of case is Johnson v. Smith likely to be classified as in the English courts?
Тест 6
A document that formally initiates a lawsuit is a(n) ...
The purpose of a summons is …
In which court would you typically start a small claims action?
Arrange the steps involved in starting a legal action in court in the correct order:
In a civil case, the … is the person, corporation, or entity against whom the plaintiff files their lawsuit.
Match the terms with their correct definitions:
Match the terms with their correct definitions:
All criminal offenses are technically considered statutory crimes since they are all prohibited by .…
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer. Mr. Baker, a manager at Green-water shopping centre, seeks to file a claim against his employer for unpaid overtime. According to his employment contract, he is entitled to overtime pay. What should Mr. Baker do first to address this issue?
Тест 7
The primary purpose of tort law is …
Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?
In a negligence claim, which element must the plaintiff prove?
Match the term with its correct definition:
Match the term with its correct definition:
Wilfred Phelps, age 65, is driving his Nissan Altima down Main Street when he suffers the first seizure (a sudden burst of electrical activity in the brain) of his life. He loses control of his vehicle and runs into three people on the sidewalk. Which statement is true?
Other types of torts include assault, battery, false imprisonment, and .…
Tort law defines … as the legal obligation to act with care, caution, and reasonable consideration to avoid inflicting another person or entity pain or injury.
… is the element that establishes a direct link between the defendant’s wrongdoing or negligence and the plaintiff’s injury or damage.
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer. One sunny afternoon, Bob decides to host a barbecue in his backyard. He invites friends over and sets up a large grill. As the party progresses, Bob becomes distracted while socializing with his guests. In his excitement, he accidentally spills hot charcoal from the grill onto Alice's lawn, causing a small fire that damages her flowerbed and lawn. Alice, upon discovering the damage, confronts Bob about the incident. Bob apologizes but claims it was an accident and that he did not intend to harm Alice's property. However, Alice is upset about the damage and the cost of replacing her flowers. Question: What caused the damage to Alice's property?
Тест 8
Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?
A driver runs a red light and causes an accident. This is an example of …
Match the terms with its description:
Match the tort with an example:
Match the tort with its basis of liability:
Match the tort to the plaintiff’s claim:
Order the steps in the process of filing a tort claim:
A person has a legal … to act in a way that does not cause harm to others.
If a person fails to meet the standard of care expected in a situation, it is considered a … of duty.
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer. Emily was walking her dog in the park when she slipped on a wet patch of grass that had not been marked with any warning signs. The park management had been informed about the slippery conditions days earlier but failed to take any action. As a result of her fall, Emily suffered a broken wrist and incurred medical expenses. She is considering filing a lawsuit against the park management for negligence. Question: Which head of tort is most applicable in Emily's case?
Итоговый тест
Laws are deemed crucial for society because ...
… is a customary practice that evolves into societal norms over time.
… is a legal framework originating in England that relies on judicial precedents rather than written statutes.
… refers to the legal obligation for one’s actions or inactions, which may lead to penalties, damages, or the requirement to compensate for harm caused.
Match the principles of law with its purposes:
The concept of "stare decisis" is most closely associated the legal system of ...
The … presented strong arguments to support her client's case today.
Match the words with their definitions:
Connect the countries with their legal systems:
The primary source of law in a civil law system is ...
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a level of national law?
National law includes laws at the national, state, regional, and … levels.
Match the terms with their definitions
In England, the legal profession is divided into two main types. These are:
A primary function of solicitors is ...
… is the principle that ensures fair and equal treatment under the law, regardless of wealth or status.
The court that deals with minor criminal cases and some civil matters such as debts is the ...
There are … and criminal courts within the English legal system.
Put the steps of the judicial process in the correct order
Put the steps of a civil action in the correct order
In England, most civil claims are filed with the … court.
The document used by a claimant to start legal action against the defendant is called a …
Match the words with their definitions:
Put the steps involved in starting a legal action in court in the correct order:
Put the following steps in the correct order:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tort law?
A … is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person.
In tort law, the person who commits the wrongful act is called the … .
A successful tort claim may result in the award of … to compensate the victim for their losses.
An example of a statutory tort is ...
Компетентностный тест
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Samantha: Hey Josh, what are you studying for your law exam?
Josh: Oh, just the usual. Legal ethics and administrative law.
Samantha: Ugh, I hate that stuff. So many rules to remember.
Josh: Tell me about it. And then there's comparative law on top of that.
Samantha: Comparative law? What's that again?
Josh: It's a comparison between different legal systems around the world. Like Chinese law, Islamic law, Jewish law, just to name a few.
Samantha: Wow, that sounds complicated. How do you keep all of that straight?
Josh: Well, thank goodness for my study group. We discuss and quiz each other on different types of laws and their applications.
Samantha: Oh yeah, I remember now. And don't forget about international law.
Josh: Right. That includes laws related to the United Nations, like treaties and human rights issues.
Samantha: Man, being a lawyer is not easy.
Josh: No kidding. But it's also fascinating to see how different societies have developed their own sets of laws.
Samantha: True. And the way those laws intersect with politics, social justice, and even war.
Josh: Exactly. There's so much to learn and explore in the field of law.
Question: According to the conversation, what helps Josh keep track of the different types of laws?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. It's crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.
John: Yeah, it's fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting?
Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces – gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight?
John: It's definitely hard to wrap my head around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country's legal system.
Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.
John: That's true. I've heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization.
Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.
John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditions, and codes of laws. It's pretty impressive how these five elements come together to create a functioning legal system.
Tom: Absolutely. And it makes me appreciate the importance of having well-defined and enforced laws in our society.
John: Definitely. It may seem complicated, but ultimately, the goal is to maintain fairness and justice for everyone.
Question: Which historical event led to the creation of the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Emily is a law student in England who is interested in pursuing a career in the legal profession. She is trying to understand the differences between barristers, solicitors, and judges. Recently, she attended a seminar where different legal professionals spoke about their roles. After the seminar, Emily has a few questions regarding who does what in the legal system.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of a barrister in England?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
John: So, Sarah... When did you decide to become a lawyer?
Sarah: I've always been interested in the legal profession since I was young. My parents were lawyers too.
John: Wow, really? Did they work together or something?
Sarah: No, but they both inspired me to choose this career path.
John: That's cool. I can barely remember when I decided what I wanted to do with my life.
Sarah: It definitely wasn't an overnight decision for me either. It took years of hard work and studying to get where I am now.
John: Yeah, that's why I never pursued law. Too much reading and memorization.
Sarah: It's not just about memorizing laws and statutes. You have to be able to think critically and analyze information from different perspectives.
John: True, true. And how long have you been a practicing attorney?
Sarah: For about five years now. I started as a paralegal before taking the bar exam.
John: That must have been tough. The bar exam is known to be quite challenging.
Sarah: Oh, it definitely was. But it was worth it in the end. What about you? How long have you been working at your law firm?
John: Just a year, but I already feel like I'm learning so much from everyone here.
Sarah: That's great to hear. Law is an ever-changing field, so we never stop learning.
John: Yeah, I love that aspect of it. Always something new to discover.
Sarah: Absolutely. And speaking of learning, I have a case tomorrow morning that I need to prepare for. I should probably head out soon.
John: Of course. Good luck with your case!
Sarah: Thanks. Have a good evening, John!
Question: How long has Sarah been a practicing attorney?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: James is a university student studying law in England. He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes an advantage of having a case head in the Crown Court?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead?
Mark's Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th. We have evidence to prove his innocence.
Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.
Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then.
Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse.
Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on.
Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence?
Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant's.
Mark's Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it's possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime.
Judge Smith: I see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I'm declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned.
Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Emily is a law student who has just completed a module on the initiation of legal actions in England and Wales. She is particularly interested in understanding the differences between starting a civil action and starting a criminal action. After reviewing her notes, she comes across the following statements regarding the processes involved.
Question: In England and Wales, which document is typically used to initiate a civil action in the High Court or County Court?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Emily is a professional photographer who rents a studio space in a busy downtown area. One day, while she is setting up for a photoshoot, a heavy sign from an adjacent building falls and injures her. The sign was not properly secured, and Emily learns that the building owner had received complaints about it being loose but had not taken any action to fix it. Emily decides to file a lawsuit against the building owner for her injuries.
Question: What legal principle is at play in Emily's case when she decides to sue the building owner for her injuries?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?
Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.
Mike: Sounds boring.
Karen: Well, maybe it's not the most thrilling subject, but it's important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.
Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?
Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort. It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.
Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor's expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?
Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.
Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff.
Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.
Mike: Do you think you'll specialize in this area after law school?
Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I'm still keeping my options open.
Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you're going to make a great lawyer. Now let's go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.
Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let's go!
Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: James owns a small bakery in a residential neighborhood. One day, he decides to install an outdoor seating area for customers. To create the seating area, he places several tables and chairs on the sidewalk directly outside his shop. However, James does not leave enough space for pedestrians to pass comfortably. A neighbor, Sarah, complains that she has to walk into the street to get around the seating area, which is dangerous, especially with heavy traffic. After a few weeks, Sarah trips over one of the chairs that has been pushed out onto the sidewalk and injures her ankle. She decides to take legal action against James.
Question: What legal principle is primarily at play in Sarah's case when she decides to sue James for her injury?
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