Тест 1
The common law system in England began to develop in ...
... is a historical document from 1217 that established limits on the powers of the king and laid the groundwork for individual legal rights and liberties.
... is a body of laws governing private rights and obligations, primarily derived from Roman law and codified statutes.
Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:
Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:
Match the statements with its descriptions
Put the following events of the development of law in chronological order:
Put the following documents in chronological order based on their significance:
Arrange the following influences on the development of law in chronological order:
Тест 2
A legal system that is known for its reliance on written codes and statutes is called ...
A term which refers to the body of laws that govern private rights and obligations is called …
Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:
Match the countries with their legal systems:
Match the key characteristics of continental law with examples:
In a criminal case, the … must prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer. Text: John was wrongfully convicted of theft based on faulty eyewitness testimony and inadequate legal representation. After serving two years in prison, new evidence emerged that proved his innocence. John is now considering a lawsuit against the state for the wrongful conviction, seeking compensation for the time he lost and the emotional distress he experienced. Question: What legal principle is most applicable to John's situation?
Тест 3
Which of the following is NOT a common area of law?
Federal law is …
Municipal law is primarily concerned with ...
An example of a source of national law is …
Match the areas of law with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
Put the following areas of law in order from most general to most specific:
The area of law that deals with crimes and their punishments is known as … law.
Тест 4
The primary role of a barrister is …
Match each legal profession with the correct description:
Match each legal profession with the correct description:
Match each legal profession with the corresponding description:
Put the steps in the correct order to become a practicing attorney:
Arrange series of events related to the legal profession in the correct chronological order:
Тест 5
The primary role of a judge in the English court system is …
Match the court with its function:
Match the court process with its step:
Put the steps of the judicial process in the correct order:
Put the steps of a civil action in the correct order:
Put the steps of the appeal process in the correct order:
The … is the second-highest court in England and Wales.
Тест 6
A document that formally initiates a lawsuit is a(n) ...
The purpose of a summons is …
In which court would you typically start a small claims action?
What must be included in a complaint?
Arrange the steps involved in starting a legal action in court in the correct order:
The … is usually an assistant district attorney (state court cases) or assistant U.S. attorney (federal court cases).
All criminal offenses are technically considered statutory crimes since they are all prohibited by .…
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer. Mr. Baker, a manager at Green-water shopping centre, seeks to file a claim against his employer for unpaid overtime. According to his employment contract, he is entitled to overtime pay. What should Mr. Baker do first to address this issue?
Тест 7
Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?
"Vicarious liability" is …
Match the term with its correct definition:
Order the following steps in a negligence claim:
… is the element that establishes a direct link between the defendant’s wrongdoing or negligence and the plaintiff’s injury or damage.
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer. One sunny afternoon, Bob decides to host a barbecue in his backyard. He invites friends over and sets up a large grill. As the party progresses, Bob becomes distracted while socializing with his guests. In his excitement, he accidentally spills hot charcoal from the grill onto Alice's lawn, causing a small fire that damages her flowerbed and lawn. Alice, upon discovering the damage, confronts Bob about the incident. Bob apologizes but claims it was an accident and that he did not intend to harm Alice's property. However, Alice is upset about the damage and the cost of replacing her flowers. Question: What caused the damage to Alice's property?
Тест 8
The primary element required to establish negligence is …
Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?
In a negligence case, the standard of care is generally measured against …
Which head of tort involves causing harm through intentional actions?
Match the tort with its basis of liability:
Match the tort to the plaintiff’s claim:
Итоговый тест
Who played a significant role in shaping legal codes across different nations?
According to legal theorist Salmond, law is defined as ...
… is an individual or entity tasked with formulating, modifying, and implementing laws on behalf of the government.
… refers to the legal obligation for one’s actions or inactions, which may lead to penalties, damages, or the requirement to compensate for harm caused.
The concept of "stare decisis" is most closely associated the legal system of ...
The following country primarily follows a civil law system:
Many people believe that … should be fair and equal for everyone involved.
Arrange the criminal justice process in the right order:
The first in a criminal case typically is a(n) ...
The correct order of events in a typical criminal trial is ...
International law regulates relations between … and between private citizens of different countries.
Match the terms with their definitions:
A … is a legal document that grants someone the authority to act on behalf of another person.
Put the following legal professionals in order from highest to lowest position in the hierarchy:
The type of law usually involved in cases brought before criminal courts is ...
The court that deals with minor criminal cases and some civil matters such as debts is the ...
There are … and criminal courts within the English legal system.
Match the word combinations with their definitions:
Put the steps of the appeal process in the correct order:
In civil cases, the court can award ... to compensate the person who has suffered:
The entity that typically starts criminal actions is ...
The document used by a claimant to start legal action against the defendant is called a …
Match the halves up make up the sentences:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tort law?
A successful tort claim may result in the award of … to compensate the victim for their losses.
Many torts are based on … law, which relies on precedents set by previous cases.
Компетентностный тест
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Sarah is a small business owner who recently faced a dispute with a supplier over a delayed shipment that affected her ability to serve her customers. Unsure of her rights and the best course of action, she considers seeking legal advice.
Question: What are two primary motives for making and enforcing laws that Sarah should understand as she navigates her situation?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Samantha: Hey Josh, what are you studying for your law exam?
Josh: Oh, just the usual. Legal ethics and administrative law.
Samantha: Ugh, I hate that stuff. So many rules to remember.
Josh: Tell me about it. And then there's comparative law on top of that.
Samantha: Comparative law? What's that again?
Josh: It's a comparison between different legal systems around the world. Like Chinese law, Islamic law, Jewish law, just to name a few.
Samantha: Wow, that sounds complicated. How do you keep all of that straight?
Josh: Well, thank goodness for my study group. We discuss and quiz each other on different types of laws and their applications.
Samantha: Oh yeah, I remember now. And don't forget about international law.
Josh: Right. That includes laws related to the United Nations, like treaties and human rights issues.
Samantha: Man, being a lawyer is not easy.
Josh: No kidding. But it's also fascinating to see how different societies have developed their own sets of laws.
Samantha: True. And the way those laws intersect with politics, social justice, and even war.
Josh: Exactly. There's so much to learn and explore in the field of law.
Question: According to the conversation, what helps Josh keep track of the different types of laws?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Maria is a law student studying different legal systems around the world. In her recent class, the professor asked the students to identify the two main traditions of law. Maria is confused and wants to ensure she understands the differences between Common Law and Continental Law.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly identifies the two main traditions of law in the world?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Emily is a law student in England who is interested in pursuing a career in the legal profession. She is trying to understand the differences between barristers, solicitors, and judges. Recently, she attended a seminar where different legal professionals spoke about their roles. After the seminar, Emily has a few questions regarding who does what in the legal system.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of a barrister in England?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
John: So, Sarah... When did you decide to become a lawyer?
Sarah: I've always been interested in the legal profession since I was young. My parents were lawyers too.
John: Wow, really? Did they work together or something?
Sarah: No, but they both inspired me to choose this career path.
John: That's cool. I can barely remember when I decided what I wanted to do with my life.
Sarah: It definitely wasn't an overnight decision for me either. It took years of hard work and studying to get where I am now.
John: Yeah, that's why I never pursued law. Too much reading and memorization.
Sarah: It's not just about memorizing laws and statutes. You have to be able to think critically and analyze information from different perspectives.
John: True, true. And how long have you been a practicing attorney?
Sarah: For about five years now. I started as a paralegal before taking the bar exam.
John: That must have been tough. The bar exam is known to be quite challenging.
Sarah: Oh, it definitely was. But it was worth it in the end. What about you? How long have you been working at your law firm?
John: Just a year, but I already feel like I'm learning so much from everyone here.
Sarah: That's great to hear. Law is an ever-changing field, so we never stop learning.
John: Yeah, I love that aspect of it. Always something new to discover.
Sarah: Absolutely. And speaking of learning, I have a case tomorrow morning that I need to prepare for. I should probably head out soon.
John: Of course. Good luck with your case!
Sarah: Thanks. Have a good evening, John!
Question: How long has Sarah been a practicing attorney?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: James is a university student studying law in England. He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes an advantage of having a case head in the Crown Court?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Emily is a law student who has just completed a module on the initiation of legal actions in England and Wales. She is particularly interested in understanding the differences between starting a civil action and starting a criminal action. After reviewing her notes, she comes across the following statements regarding the processes involved.
Question: In England and Wales, which document is typically used to initiate a civil action in the High Court or County Court?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?
Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.
Mike: Sounds boring.
Karen: Well, maybe it's not the most thrilling subject, but it's important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.
Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?
Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort. It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.
Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor's expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?
Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.
Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff.
Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.
Mike: Do you think you'll specialize in this area after law school?
Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I'm still keeping my options open.
Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you're going to make a great lawyer. Now let's go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.
Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let's go!
Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?
Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: James owns a small bakery in a residential neighborhood. One day, he decides to install an outdoor seating area for customers. To create the seating area, he places several tables and chairs on the sidewalk directly outside his shop. However, James does not leave enough space for pedestrians to pass comfortably. A neighbor, Sarah, complains that she has to walk into the street to get around the seating area, which is dangerous, especially with heavy traffic. After a few weeks, Sarah trips over one of the chairs that has been pushed out onto the sidewalk and injures her ankle. She decides to take legal action against James.
Question: What legal principle is primarily at play in Sarah's case when she decides to sue James for her injury?
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Kelly: Wow, that's a lot of information on tort law. Did you understand all of it?
Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I'm still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence.
Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?
Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.
Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?
Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.
Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?
Mark: Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties - whether it's one of proximity or not.
Kelly: And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.
Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test.
Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.
Mark: Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, it's important to constantly stay informed and educated.
Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?
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